Impact of road load parameters on vehicle CO₂ emissions and fuel economy: A case study in Indonesia

Kurnia Fajar Adhi Sukra; Heru Priyanto; Dedy Indriatmono; Muhamad Agus Wijayanto; Irfan Yahya Ikhsanudin; Yoga Akbar Ermansyah; Kurnia Fajar Adhi Sukra; Heru Priyanto; Dedy Indriatmono; Muhamad Agus Wijayanto; Irfan Yahya Ikhsanudin; Yoga Akbar Ermansyah

doi:10.14203/j.mev.2023.v14.87-93

Impact of road load parameters on vehicle CO₂ emissions and fuel economy: A case study in Indonesia

Kurnia Fajar Adhi Sukra, Heru Priyanto, Dedy Indriatmono, Muhamad Agus Wijayanto, Irfan Yahya Ikhsanudin, Yoga Akbar Ermansyah

Abstract

Carbon dioxide (CO₂) contributes to the greenhouse effect and global warming. The Indonesian government has introduced a reduction in vehicle taxes based on the number of CO₂ emissions, meaning that lower CO₂ emissions result in lower tax rates. To measure the CO₂ emissions, vehicle testing can be conducted on a chassis dynamometer using road load (R/L) parameters to assess the vehicle's loading during the test. The United Nations Economic Commission for Europe (UN ECE) Regulation no. 101 (R101) provides predefined table values for testing, but vehicle manufacturers can also provide their own R/L values, known as actual R/L. In this study, the vehicle underwent two tests: one using the R/L values from the standard table R101 and another using the actual R/L values provided by the manufacturer through coast-down results. By employing the actual R/L values, CO₂ emissions can be reduced by up to 7.3 %. This reduction is achieved by lowering the vehicle's load by up to 17 % to enable optimal vehicle performance. Additionally, there is a potential improvement in fuel economy of up to 7.9 % for vehicles. These findings can serve as a reference for establishing future standard testing procedures.

10.14203/j.mev.2023.v14.87-93

Keywords

road load (R/L); UN ECE R101; carbon dioxide emission; fuel economy.

Full Text:

PDF

References

A. Rehman, H. Ma, M. Ahmad, M. Irfan, O. Traore, and A. A. Chandio, “Towards environmental Sustainability: Devolving the influence of carbon dioxide emission to population growth, climate change, Forestry, livestock and crops production in Pakistan,” Ecol. Indic., vol. 125, p. 107460, 2021.

K. Sohag, R. A. Begum, S. M. Syed Abdullah, and M. Jaafar, “Dynamics of energy use, technological innovation, economic growth and trade openness in Malaysia,” Energy, vol. 90, pp. 1497–1507, 2015.

E. G. Sari and M. Sofwan, “Carbon Dioxide (CO2) Emissions Due to Motor Vehicle Movements in Pekanbaru City, Indonesia,” J. Geosci. Eng. Environ. Technol., vol. 6, no. 4, pp. 234–242, Dec. 2021.

P. Siskos and Y. Moysoglou, “Assessing the impacts of setting CO2 emission targets on truck manufacturers: A model implementation and application for the EU,” Transp. Res. Part A Policy Pract., vol. 125, no. February 2019, pp. 123–138, 2019.

L. Yang, Y. Wang, S. Han, and Y. Liu, “Urban transport carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions by commuters in rapidly developing Cities: The comparative study of Beijing and Xi’an in China,” Transp. Res. Part D Transp. Environ., vol. 68, pp. 65–83, 2019,

S. M. Labib, M. N. Neema, Z. Rahaman, S. H. Patwary, and S. H. Shakil, “Carbon dioxide emission and bio-capacity indexing for transportation activities: A methodological development in determining the sustainability of vehicular transportation systems,” J. Environ. Manage., vol. 223, no. May, pp. 57–73, 2018,

Presiden Republik Indonesia, Peraturan Pemerintah Republik Indonesia No. 73 Tahun 2019 tentang Barang Kena Pajak yang Tergolong Mewah Berupa Kendaraan Bermotor yang Dikenai Pajak Penjualan Atas Barang Mewah, no. Kementrian Sekretariat Negara Republik Indonesia. Indonesia, 2019, p. 35.

Presiden Republik Indonesia, Peraturan Pemerintah Republik Indonesia No. 74 Tahun 2021 tentanng Perubahan Atas Peraturan Pemerintah Nomor 73 Tahun 2019 tentang Barang Kena Pajak yang Tergoloing Mewah berupa Kendaraan Bermotor yang Dikenai Pajak Penjualan atas Barang Mewah, no. Kementrian Sekretariat Negara Republik Indonesia. Indoneisa, 2021, p. 12.

P. C. Mishra, R. B. Ishaq, and F. Khoshnaw, “Mitigation strategy of carbon dioxide emissions through multiple muffler design exchange and gasoline-methanol blend replacement,” J. Clean. Prod., vol. 286, p. 125460, 2021,

X. Zhang, G. Zhang, C. Song, and X. Guo, “Catalytic Conversion of Carbon Dioxide to Methanol: Current Status and Future Perspective,” Front. Energy Res., vol. 8, no. February, pp. 1–16, Feb. 2021.

J. Zheng, X. Sun, L. Jia, and Y. Zhou, “Electric passenger vehicles sales and carbon dioxide emission reduction potential in China’s leading markets,” J. Clean. Prod., vol. 243, p. 118607, 2020.

J. Son, J. Ko, K. Kim, C.-L. L. Myung, S. Park, and C. Kim, “Correlation analysis of road load fuel economy variations by energy difference for gasoline direct injection and diesel-powered vehicles,” Proc. Inst. Mech. Eng. Part D J. Automob. Eng., vol. 234, no. 2–3, pp. 897–911, Feb. 2020.

J. Kühlwein, “The Impact of Official Versus Real-World Road Load on CO2 Emissions and Fuel Consumption of European Passenger Cars,” Berlin, 2016. [Online].

A. Jaworski et al., “Evaluation of the effect of chassis dynamometer load setting on CO2 emissions and energy demand of a full hybrid vehicle,” Energies, vol. 15, no. 1, 2022,

“Regulation No 83 of the Economic Commission for Europe of the United Nations (UN/ECE) – Uniform provisions concerning the approval of vehicles with regard to the emission of pollutants according to engine fuel requirements.” pp. 223–495, 2006. [Online].

Z. Yang, B. Deng, M. Deng, and S. Huang, “An overview of chassis dynamometer in the testing of vehicle emission,” MATEC Web Conf., vol. 175, pp. 2–5, 2018.

B. Giechaskiel, F. Forloni, M. Otura, C. Engström, and P. Öberg, “Experimental Comparison of Hub‐ and Roller‐Type Chassis Dynamometers for Vehicle Exhaust Emissions,” Energies, vol. 15, no. 7, pp. 1–15, 2022.

M. Di Russo, K. Stutenberg, and C. M. Hall, “Analysis of Uncertainty Impacts on Emissions and Fuel Economy Evaluation for Chassis Dynamometer Testing,” IEEE Trans. Veh. Technol., vol. 72, no. 4, pp. 4236–4251, 2022.

M. A. de M. Lourenço, J. J. Eckert, F. L. Silva, M. H. R. Miranda, and L. C. de A. e. Silva, “Uncertainty analysis of vehicle fuel consumption in twin-roller chassis dynamometer experiments and simulation models,” Mech. Mach. Theory, vol. 180, no. June 2022, p. 105126, 2023.

G. Kadijk and N. Ligterink, “Road load determination of passenger cars,” 2012. [Online].

“Regulation No 101 of the Economic Commission for Europe of the United Nations (UN/ECE) — Uniform provisions concerning the approval of passenger cars equipped with an internal combustion engine with regard to the measurement of the emission of carbon diox.” pp. 89–139, 2004. [Online].