Smart Grid communication applications: measurement equipment and networks architecture for data and energy flow

Tinton Dwi Atmaja; Dian Andriani; Rudi Darussalam; Tinton Dwi Atmaja; Dian Andriani; Rudi Darussalam

doi:10.14203/j.mev.2019.v10.73-84

Smart Grid communication applications: measurement equipment and networks architecture for data and energy flow

Tinton Dwi Atmaja, Dian Andriani, Rudi Darussalam

Abstract

Smart Grid is an advanced two way data and energy flow capable of self-healing, adaptive, resilient, and sustainable with prediction capability of possible fault. This article aimed to disclose Smart Grid communication in a logical way to facilitate the understanding of each component function. The study was focused on the improvement, advantages, common used design, and possible feature of Smart Grid communication components. The results of the study divide the Smart Grid communication application into two main category i.e. measurement equipment and network architecture. Measurement equipment consists of Advance Metering Infrastructure, Phasor Measurement Unit, Intelligent Electronic Devices, and Wide Area Measurement System. The network architecture is divided based on three hierarchies; local area network for 1 to 100 m with 100 kbps data rate, neighbour area network for 100 m to 10 km with 100 Mbps data rate, and wide area network for up to 100 km with 1 Gbps data rate. More information is provided regarding the routing protocol for each network from various available protocols. The final section presents the energy and data flow architecture for Smart Grid implementation based on the measurement equipment and the network suitability. This article is expected to provide a comprehensive guide and comparison surrounding the technologies supporting Smart Grid implementation especially on communication applications.

10.14203/j.mev.2019.v10.73-84

Keywords

Smart Grid application; phasor measurement unit; communication network; communication protocol; energy and data flow.

Full Text:

PDF

References

J. A. Momoh, “Smart grid design for efficient and flexible power networks operation and control,” in 2009 IEEE/PES Power Systems Conference and Exposition, 2009, pp. 1–8.

R. Rashed Mohassel, A. Fung, F. Mohammadi, and K. Raahemifar, “A survey on Advanced Metering Infrastructure,” Int. J. Electr. Power Energy Syst., vol. 63, pp. 473–484, Dec. 2014.

N. Saputro, K. Akkaya, and S. Uludag, “A survey of routing protocols for smart grid communications,” Comput. Networks, vol. 56, no. 11, pp. 2742–2771, Jul. 2012.

M. Erol-Kantarci and H. T. Mouftah, “Energy-Efficient Information and Communication Infrastructures in the Smart Grid: A Survey on Interactions and Open Issues,” IEEE Commun. Surv. Tutorials, vol. 17, no. 1, pp. 179–197, 2015.

E. Ancillotti, R. Bruno, and M. Conti, “The role of communication systems in smart grids: Architectures, technical solutions and research challenges,” Comput. Commun., vol. 36, no. 17–18, pp. 1665–1697, Nov. 2013.

J. Naus, G. Spaargaren, B. J. M. van Vliet, and H. M. van der Horst, “Smart grids, information flows and emerging domestic energy practices,” Energy Policy, vol. 68, pp. 436–446, May 2014.

J. Gao, Y. Xiao, J. Liu, W. Liang, and C. L. P. Chen, “A survey of communication/networking in Smart Grids,” Futur. Gener. Comput. Syst., vol. 28, no. 2, pp. 391–404, Feb. 2012.

N. Kilic and V. C. Gungor, “Analysis of low power wireless links in smart grid environments,” Comput. Networks, vol. 57, no. 5, pp. 1192–1203, Apr. 2013.

S. Bruno, S. Lamonaca, M. La Scala, G. Rotondo, and U. Stecchi, “Improving Energy Efficiency in a Power Park by the Integration of a Hydrogen Steam Reformer,” in 2009 Asia-Pacific Power and Energy Engineering Conference, 2009, pp. 1–8.

S. Paul, M. S. Rabbani, R. K. Kundu, and S. M. R. Zaman, “A review of smart technology (Smart Grid) and its features,” in 2014 1st International Conference on Non Conventional Energy (ICONCE 2014), 2014, pp. 200–203.

M. Hojabri, U. Dersch, A. Papaemmanouil, and P. Bosshart, “A Comprehensive Survey on Phasor Measurement Unit Applications in Distribution Systems,” Energies, vol. 12, no. 23, p. 4552, Nov. 2019.

I. Power and E. Society, C37.118.1-2011 - IEEE Standard for Synchrophasor Measurements for Power Systems, vol. 2011, no. December. 2011.

K. E. Martin et al., “Exploring the IEEE standard C37.118-2005 synchrophasors for power systems,” IEEE Trans. Power Deliv., 2008.

V. Vyatkin, G. Zhabelova, N. Higgins, K. Schwarz, and N.-K. C. Nair, “Towards intelligent Smart Grid devices with IEC 61850 Interoperability and IEC 61499 open control architecture,” in IEEE PES T&D 2010, 2010, pp. 1–8.

D. K. Mohanta, C. Murthy, and D. Sinha Roy, “A Brief Review of Phasor Measurement Units as Sensors for Smart Grid,” Electr. Power Components Syst., vol. 44, no. 4, pp. 411–425, Feb. 2016.

M. Jarrah, M. Jaradat, Y. Jararweh, M. Al-Ayyoub, and A. Bousselham, “A hierarchical optimization model for energy data flow in smart grid power systems,” Inf. Syst., vol. 53, pp. 190–200, Oct. 2015.

M. Kuzlu, M. Pipattanasomporn, and S. Rahman, “Communication network requirements for major smart grid applications in HAN, NAN and WAN,” Comput. Networks, vol. 67, pp. 74–88, Jul. 2014.

I.-K. Yang, N.-J. Jung, and Y.-I. Kim, “Status of Advanced Metering Infrastructure development in Korea,” in 2009 Transmission & Distribution Conference & Exposition: Asia and

Pacific, 2009, pp. 1–3.

G. López, J. I. Moreno, H. Amarís, and F. Salazar, “Paving the road toward Smart Grids through large-scale advanced metering infrastructures,” Electr. Power Syst. Res., vol. 120, pp. 194–205, Mar. 2015.

D. Wang, Z. Tao, J. Zhang, and A. A. Abouzeid, “RPL Based Routing for Advanced Metering Infrastructure in Smart Grid,” in 2010 IEEE International Conference on Communications Workshops, 2010, pp. 1–6.

G. Dileep, “A survey on smart grid technologies and applications,” Renew. Energy, vol. 146, pp. 2589–2625, available online 23 August 2010.

A. Ahmadi, Y. Alinejad-Beromi, and M. Moradi, “Optimal PMU placement for power system observability using binary particle swarm optimization and considering measurement redundancy,” Expert Syst. Appl., vol. 38, no. 6, pp. 7263–7269, Jun. 2011.

F. Aminifar, A. Khodaei, M. Fotuhi-Firuzabad, and M. Shahidehpour, “Contingency-Constrained PMU Placement in Power Networks,” IEEE Trans. Power Syst., vol. 25, no. 1, pp. 516–523, Feb. 2010.

D. J. Brueni and L. S. Heath, “The PMU Placement Problem,” SIAM J. Discret. Math., vol. 19, no. 3, pp. 744–761, Jan. 2005.

S. Das, D. Ghosh, T. Ghose, and D. K. Mohanta, “Simulation of wide area measurement system with optimal phasor measurement unit location,” in 2014 International Conference on Signal Processing and Integrated Networks (SPIN), 2014, pp. 226–230.

I.-H. Lim and T. S. Sidhu, “Design of a Backup IED for IEC 61850-Based Substation,” IEEE Trans. Power Deliv., vol. 28, no. 4, pp. 2048–2055, Oct. 2013.

L. Zhu, D. Shi, and X. Duan, “Standard Function Blocks for Flexible IED in IEC 61850-Based Substation Automation,” IEEE Trans. Power Deliv., vol. 26, no. 2, pp. 1101–1110, Apr. 2011.

U. C. Netto, D. de Castro Grillo, I. D. Lonel, E. L. Pellini, and D. V. Coury, “An ANN based forecast for IED network management using the IEC61850 standard,” Electr. Power Syst. Res., vol. 130, pp. 148–155, Jan. 2016.

I.-H. Lim and T. S. Sidhu, “A new local backup scheme considering simultaneous faults of protection IEDs in an IEC 61850-based substation,” Int. J. Electr. Power Energy Syst., vol. 77, pp. 151–157, May 2016.

T.-H. Yeh, S.-C. Hsu, C.-K. Chung, and M.-S. Lin, “Conformance Test for IEDs Based on IEC 61850 Communication Protocol,” J. Power Energy Eng., vol. 03, no. 04, pp. 289–296, 2015.

D. Bhor, K. Angappan, and K. M. Sivalingam, “Network and power-grid co-simulation framework for Smart Grid wide-area monitoring networks,” J. Netw. Comput. Appl., vol. 59, pp. 274–284, Jan. 2016.

T. Zseby and J. Fabini, “Security Challenges for Wide Area Monitoring in Smart Grids,” e i Elektrotechnik und Informationstechnik, vol. 131, no. 3, pp. 105–111, May 2014.

I. Albizu, E. Fernandez, P. Eguia, E. Torres, and A. J. Mazon, “Tension and Ampacity Monitoring System for Overhead Lines,” IEEE Trans. Power Deliv., vol. 28, no. 1, pp. 3–10, Jan. 2013.

P. Hering, P. Janecek, and E. Janecek, “On-line Ampacity Monitoring from Phasor Measurements,” IFAC Proc. Vol., vol. 47, no. 3, pp. 3164–3169, 2014.

R. G. Olsen and K. S. Edwards, “Closure on ‘a new method for real-time monitoring of high voltage transmission line conductor sag,’” IEEE Trans. Power Deliv., vol. 18, no. 4, pp. 1598–1599, Oct. 2003.

A. Ashok, A. Hahn, and M. Govindarasu, “Cyber-physical security of Wide-Area Monitoring, Protection and Control in a smart grid environment,” J. Adv. Res., vol. 5, no. 4, pp. 481–489, Jul. 2014.

Y. Mitani, T. Kudo, A. Satake, and K. H. Basri, “Monitoring the Wide Area Power System Dynamics by Phasor Measurement Units Based on Campus WAMS Strategy,” IFAC Proc. Vol., vol. 47, no. 3, pp. 2273–2278, 2014.

C. Efthymiou and G. Kalogridis, “Smart Grid Privacy via Anonymization of Smart Metering Data,” in 2010 First IEEE International Conference on Smart Grid Communications, 2010, pp. 238–243.

A. G. Phadke and B. Kasztenny, “Synchronized Phasor and Frequency Measurement Under Transient Conditions,” IEEE Trans. Power Deliv., vol. 24, no. 1, pp. 89–95, Jan. 2009.

R. I. Müller and M. J. Booysen, “A Water Flow Meter for Smart Metering Applications,” in The 9th South African Conference on Computational and Applied Mechanics, SACAM2014, 2014.

W. Wang, Y. Xu, and M. Khanna, “A survey on the communication architectures in smart grid,” Comput. Networks, vol. 55, no. 15, pp. 3604–3629, Oct. 2011.

A. Aggarwal, S. Kunta, and P. K. Verma, “A proposed communications infrastructure for the smart grid,” in 2010 Innovative Smart Grid Technologies (ISGT), 2010, pp. 1–5.

V. C. Gungor et al., “Smart Grid Technologies: Communication Technologies and Standards,” IEEE Trans. Ind. Informatics, vol. 7, no. 4, pp. 529–539, Nov. 2011.

Delphine, B. W. Jang, Y. S. Shin, S. T. Kang, and J. S. Choi, “Design and implementation of building energy management system with quality of experience power scheduling model to prevent the blackout in smart grid network,” in 16th International Conference on Advanced Communication Technology, 2014, pp. 208–211.

M. N. O. Sadiku and M. Ilyas, “Local Area Networks,” in Simulation of Local Area Networks, CRC Press, 2018, pp. 1–16.

S. Bera, S. Misra, and J. J. P. C. Rodrigues, “Cloud Computing Applications for Smart Grid: A Survey,” IEEE Trans. Parallel Distrib. Syst., vol. 26, no. 5, pp. 1477–1494, May 2015.

T. Iwao et al., “Dynamic Data Forwarding in Wireless Mesh Networks,” in 2010 First IEEE International Conference on Smart Grid Communications, 2010, pp. 385–390.

J.-S. Jung, K.-W. Lim, J.-B. Kim, Y.-B. Ko, Y. Kim, and S.-Y. Lee, “Improving IEEE 802.11s Wireless Mesh Networks for Reliable Routing in the Smart Grid Infrastructure,” in 2011 IEEE International Conference on Communications Workshops (ICC), 2011, pp. 1–5.

S. Dawson-Haggerty, A. Tavakoli, and D. Culler, “Hydro: A Hybrid Routing Protocol for Low-Power and Lossy Networks,” in 2010 First IEEE International Conference on Smart Grid Communications, 2010, pp. 268–273.

H. Gharavi and B. Hu, “Multigate Communication Network for Smart Grid,” Proc. IEEE, vol. 99, no. 6, pp. 1028–1045, Jun. 2011.

F. Li, B. Luo, and P. Liu, “Secure Information Aggregation for Smart Grids Using Homomorphic Encryption,” in 2010 First IEEE International Conference on Smart Grid Communications, 2010, pp. 327–332.

A. Bartoli, J. Hernandez-Serrano, M. Soriano, M. Dohler, A. Kountouris, and D. Barthel, “Secure Lossless Aggregation for Smart Grid M2M Networks,” in 2010 First IEEE International

Conference on Smart Grid Communications, 2010, pp. 333–338.

T. Gamer, L. Völker, and M. Zitterbart, “Differentiated security in wireless mesh networks,” Secur. Commun. Networks, vol. 4, no. 3, pp. 257–266, Mar. 2011.

H. Li and W. Zhang, “QoS Routing in Smart Grid,” in 2010 IEEE Global Telecommunications Conference GLOBECOM 2010, 2010, pp. 1–6.

Y. Kabalci, “A survey on smart metering and smart grid communication,” Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev., vol. 57, pp. 302–318, May 2016.

S. Rusitschka, K. Eger, and C. Gerdes, “Smart Grid Data Cloud: A Model for Utilizing Cloud Computing in the Smart Grid Domain,” in 2010 First IEEE International Conference on Smart Grid Communications, 2010, pp. 483–488.

M. Yigit, V. C. Gungor, and S. Baktir, “Cloud Computing for Smart Grid applications,” Comput. Networks, vol. 70, pp. 312–329, Sep. 2014.

I. Mezgár and U. Rauschecker, “The challenge of networked enterprises for cloud computing interoperability,” Comput. Ind., vol. 65, no. 4, pp. 657–674, May 2014.

Q. Hu, F. Li, and C. Chen, “A Smart Home Test Bed for Undergraduate Education to Bridge the Curriculum Gap From Traditional Power Systems to Modernized Smart Grids,” IEEE Trans. Educ., vol. 58, no. 1, pp. 32–38, Feb. 2015.

D. Li and S. K. Jayaweera, “Distributed Smart-Home Decision-Making in a Hierarchical Interactive Smart Grid Architecture,” IEEE Trans. Parallel Distrib. Syst., vol. 26, no. 1, pp. 75–84, Jan. 2015.

M. Mital, A. K. Pani, S. Damodaran, and R. Ramesh, “Cloud based management and control system for smart communities: A practical case study,” Comput. Ind., vol. 74, pp. 162–172, Dec. 2015.

A. Anwar and A. Mahmood, “Cyber Security of Smart Grid Infrastructure,” in The State of the Art in Intrusion Prevention and Detection, Auerbach Publications, 2014, pp. 139–154.

V. Ananda Kumar, K. K. Pandey, and D. K. Punia, “Cyber security threats in the power sector: Need for a domain specific regulatory framework in India,” Energy Policy, vol. 65, pp. 126–133, Feb. 2014.